Diferències i desigualtats: la «doble marginalitat» de la geografia feminista de l’Europa de l’Est i Central
Resum
L’hegemonia de la geografia realitzada en el món anglosaxó és cada cop més present i ha estat objecte de durs retrets per part dels geògrafs crítics. Per altra banda, tot i que en un context social, cultural, econòmic i institucional diferent i en un grau distint, el coneixement geogràfic (dins de disciplines bastant masculinitzades) que les geògrafes feministes produïm, desenvolupa un paper marginal en el món. Ens interessa, doncs, la lluita per aconseguir un canvi radical d’aquest statu quo. Aquests dos tipus de relacions (geopolítiques i de gènere) entre la nostra posició i el nostre interès comporta diferències i desigualtats, aquestes darreres produïdes pel capitalisme i el patriarcat. Per tant, els dos temes que pretenc desenvolupar són per il·lustrar sobretot la diferència: primer, les formes que adquireix l’hegemonia angloamericana (i est-oest) a l’Europa de l’Est i Central i les seves implicacions, la qual cosa dificulta el desenvolupament dels estudis de gènere i geografia feminista; i, segon, les característiques de la geografia feminista a la regió postsocialista, fent èmfasi en les causes socials i institucionals del desfasament i l’absència de la seva emergència.
Paraules clau
geografia feminista, Europa centreoriental, diferències, desigualtats, marginalitatReferències
ASHWIN, S. (2002). «A women is everything’: the reproduction of Soviet ideals of womanhood in post-communist Russia». In: RAINNIE, A.; SMITH, A.; SWAIN, A. (eds.). Work, Employment and Transition: Restructuring livelihoods in post-communism. London and New York: Routledge, p. 117-133.
BASSNETT, S. (1992). «Crossing Cultural Boundaries: Or How I Became and Expert on East European Women Overnight». Women’s Studies International Forum, 15, 1, p. 11-15.
BELUSZKY, P. (1989). «Magánjelentés a (társadalom) földrajzról». Tér és Társadalom, 1, p. 49-63.
BERG, L. D.; KEARNS, R. A. (1998). «America Unlimited». Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 16, p. 128-132.
BOWLBY, S.; LEWIS, J.; MCDOWELL, L.; FOORD, J. (1989). «The geography of gender». In: PEET, R.; THRIFT, N. (eds.). New Models in Geography. Vol. 2. London: Unwin Hyman, p. 157-175.
BRUNNEL, L. (2005). «Marginality and the New Geography of Domestic Violence Policy in Post-Communist Poland». Gender, Place and Culture, 12, 3, p. 293-316.
Bucher, E.; Jelenszkyné Fábián, I. (2006). «A Pécsi kistérség nonprofit szférájának gender alapú elemzése». Földrajzi Értesíto˝, 1-2. In print.
CIECHOCI ´NSKA, M. (1993). «Gender Aspects of Dismantling the Command Economy in Eastern Europe: the Polish Case». Geoforum, 24, 1, p. 31-44.
CORRIN, C. (ed.) (1992). Superwomen and the Double Burden. Women’s experience of change in central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Toronto: Second Story Press.
DUNCAN, S. (1996). «The Diverse Worlds of European Patriarchy». In: GARCIARAMON, M. D.; MONK, J. (eds.). Women of the European Union. The Politics of Work and Daily Life. London and New York: Routledge, p. 74-110.
FEISCHMIDT, M.; MAGYARI-VINCZE E.; ZENTAI, V. (eds.) (1997). Women and Men in East European Transition. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Fundatiei Pentru Studii Europene.
FERGE, ZS. (1999). «Hogyan hatott a rendszerváltás a no˝k helyzetére?». In: LÉVAI. K.; KISS, R.; GYULAVÁRI, T. (eds.). Vegyesváltó. Pillanatképek no˝kro˝l, férfiakro. Budapest: Egyenlo˝ Esélyek Alapítvány, p. 13-29.
FUNK, N. (1993). «Feminism East and West». In: FUNK N.; MUELLER M. (eds.). Gender Politics and Post-Communism. Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York and London: Routledge, p. 318-330.
GAL, S. (1997). «Feminism and Civil Society». In: FEISCHMIDT, M.; MAGYARI-VINCZE, E.; ZENTAI, V. (eds.). Women and Men in East European Transition. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Fundatiei Pentru Studii Europene, p. 89-99.
GARCIA-RAMON, M. D. (2003). «Globalization and International Geography: the Questions of Languages and Scholarly Traditions». Progress in Human Geography, 27, 1, p. 1-5.
GARCIA-RAMON, M. D. (2004). «On Diversity and Difference in Geography: A Southern European Perspective». European Urban and Regional Studies, 11, 4, p. 367–370.
GARCIA-RAMON, M. D.; CABALLÉ, A. (1998). «Situating gender geographies: A bibliometrical analysis». Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 89, 2, p. 210-216.
GARCIA-RAMON, M. D.; PUJOL, H. (2004). «Gender Representation in the Higher Education of Geography in Catalonia (Spain): Towards a Masculinization of the Discipline?». Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28, 1, p. 111-120.
GERASYMENKO, G. (2002). «Gender Geography of Political Life in Ukraine». 3rd International Conference of Critical Geography. Békéscsaba: Hungary, June 25-30, Békéscsaba, International Critical Geography Group, p. 85-89.
G. FEKETE, É. (2004). «A no˝k a vidékfejlesztésben». Manuscrip. Miskolc: MTA RKK.
GRAHAM, A.; REGULSKA, J. (1997). «Expanding Political Space for Women in Poland. An Analysis of Three Communities». Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30, 1, p. 65-82.
HANSON, S. (1992). «Geography and feminism: worlds in collision?». The Annals of the AAG, 82, 4, p. 569-586.
HARDY, J.; STENNING, A. (2002). «Out with old, in with the new? The changing experience of work for Polish women». In: RAINNIE A.; SMITH A.; SWAIN A. (eds.). Work, Employment and Transition: Restructuring livelihoods in post-communism. London and New York: Routledge, p. 99-116.
HARVEY, D. (1984). «On the history and present condition of geography: an historical materialist manifesto». Professional Geographer, 36, p. 1-11.
HAUSLEITNER, M. (1993). «Women in Romania: Before and After the Collapse». In: FUNK, N.; MUELLER, M. (eds.). Gender Politics and Post-Communism. Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York and London: Routledge, p. 53-61.
HEITLINGER, A. (1993). «The Impact of the Transition from Communism on the Status of Women in the Czech and Slovak Republics». In: FUNK N.; MUELLER M. (eds.). Gender Politics and Post-Communism. Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York and London: Routledge, p. 95-108.
HOVEN-IGANSKI, B. van (2000). Made in GDR. The Changing Geographies of Women in the Post-Socialist Rural Society in Mecklenburg-Westpommerania. Nederlandse Geografische Studies 267, Utrecht/Groningen, Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
HOVEN, B. van (2002). «Experiencing Democracy: Women in Rural East Germany». Social Politics, Fall, p. 444-470.
HOVEN, B. van (2003). «Women’s Lives in Transition in Rural East Germany». Eastern European Countryside, 9, p. 87-101.
HOVEN, B. van; PFAFFENBACH, C. (2002). «Labour markets in transition. The experiences of women in two border regions of East Germany». GeoJournal, 56, p. 261-269.
HÖRSCHELMANN, K.; HOVEN, B. van (2003). «Experiencing Displacement: The Transition of Women’s Spaces in (Former) East Germany». Antipode, 35, 4, p. 742-760.
IGANSKI, B. (1999). «The Meaning of Women’s “Second Family” for Current Patterns of Discontinuity in Rural East Germany». In: COOKE, P.; GRIX, J. (eds.). German Monitor. East German Continuity and Change. Amsterdam, Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, p. 151-161.
JACKSON, P. (2000). «Difference». In: JOHNSTON, R. J.; GREGORY, D.; PRATT, G.; WATTS, M. (eds.). The Dictionary of Human Geograph. 4th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 174-175.
JELENSZKYNÉ FÁBIÁN, I. (2001). «Nemek és a földrajzi tudás avagy, Kolombusz nem volt no˝, hogy hibáztatható lett volna az eltévedésért». In: RAKONCZAI, J. (ed.). A földrajz eredményei az új évezred küszöbén. A Magyar Földrajzi Konferencia közleményei. Szeged: SZTE TTK Természeti Földrajzi Tanszék, Szeged, CD.
KATZ, C. (1998). «Lost and found in the posts: addressing critical human geography». Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, 16, p. 257-278.
KITCHIN, R. (1999). «Morals and ethics in geographical studies of disability». In: PROCTOR, J. D.; SMITH, D. M. (eds.). Geography and Ethics. London: Routledge, p. 223-236.
KOVÁCS, K.; VÁRADI, M. M. (1997). «Small Town Women». The Hungaria Quarterly, 38, Autumn, p. 78-90.
LELEA, M. (2000). Women’s Entrepreneurship in Rural Romania Bordering Hungary. Unpublished Honors thesis, University of California, Davis.
ΠOBODZI´NSKA, B. (1995a). «Equal opportunities: Obstacles and Remedies». In: ΠOBODZI´NSKA, B. (ed.). Family, Women, and Employment in Central-Eastern Europe. Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press, p. 261-274.
ΠOBODZI´NSKA, B. (1995b). «The family and Working Women during and after Socialist Industrialization and Ideology». In: ΠOBODZI´NSKA, B. (ed.). Family, Women, and Employment in Central-Eastern Europe. Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press, p. 1-46.
ΠOBODZI´NSKA, B. (ed.) (1995c). Family, Women, and Employment in Central-Eastern Europe. Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press.
MCDOWELL, L. (1993a). «Space, place and gender relations: Part 2. Identity, difference, feminist geometries and geographies». Progres in Human Geography, 17, 3, p. 305-318.
MCDOWELL, L. (1993b). «Space, place and gender relations: Part 1. Feminist empiricism and geography of social relations». Progress in Human Geography, 17, 2, 157-179.
MEUSBURGER, P. (2001), «Spatial and Social Disparities of Unemployment in Hungary». In: MEUSBURGER, P.; JÖNS, H. (eds.). The Transformations in Hungary: Essays in Economy and Society. Heidelberg-New York: Physica-Verlag, p. 173-206.
MOMSEN J. H.; SZÖRÉNYINÉ KUKORELLI, I. (2002). «Gender and Rural Entrepreneurship in Post-communist East and West Hungary». Eastern European Countryside, October, p. 109-118.
MOMSEN, J. H.; KUKORELLI SZÖRÉNYI, I.; TIMÁR J. (2005). Gender at the Border. Entrepreneurship in Rural Post-socialist Hungary. Burlington: Ashgate.
MONK, J. (1994). «Place Matters: Comparative International Perspectives on Feminist Geography». Professional Geographer, 46, 3, p. 277-288.
MONK, J.; DROOGLEVER FORTUIJN, J.; RALEIGH C. (2004). «The Representation of Women in Academic Geography: Contexts, Climate and Curricula». Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28, 1, p. 83-90.
NAGAR, R. (2002). «Footloose Researchers, “Travelling” Theories, and the Politics of Transnational Feminist Praxis». Gender, Place, Culture, 9, 2, p. 179-186.
NEMÉNYI, M. (1994). «Miért nincs Magyarországon no˝mozgalom?». In: HADAS, M. (ed.). Férfiuralom – Irások no˝kro˝l, férfiakról, feminizmusról. Budapest: Replika Kör, p. 235-245.
PEAKE, L.; VALENTINE, G. (2003). «Editorial». Gender, Place and Culture, 10, 2, p. 107-109.
PERRONS, D.; GONÄS, L. (1998). «Introduction: Perspectives of Gender Inequality in European Employment». European Urban and Regional Studies, 5, 1, p. 5-12.
PIGNICZKY, R. (1997). «The Making of a Women’s Movement in Hungary after 1989». In: RENNE, T. (ed.). Ana’s Land. Sisterhood in Eastern Europe. Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press, p. 121-132.
PRATT, G. (2000). «Identity politics». In: JOHNSTON, R. J.; GREGORY D.; PRATT, G.; WATTS, M. (eds.). The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 367-369.
RAJU, S. (2002). «We are Different but Can We Talk?». Gender, Place and Culture, 9, 2, p. 173-178.
REGULSKA, J. (1994). «Transition to Local Democracy». In: RUESCHEMEYER, M. (ed.). Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe. Armonk: New York, London: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 35-62.
RII, H. U. (1993). «II. Asia: Focus on Taiwan, India and Korea». Working Papers 27: Contextualising Feminist Geography: International Perspectives. IGU Commission on Gender and Geography, 12-17.
ROCHOVSKÁ, A. (2005). Vybrané Aspekty Chudoby na Slovensku s Blizˇsˇím Zretel’om na zˇeny. Bratislava. Na získanie vedecko-akademickej hodnosti philosophiae doctor. SCHWARCZ, GY. (2004). «Leosztott szerepek, kitörési kísérletek». In: SÁFRÁNY, R. (ed.). Életpályák és mozgásterek. No˝k a helyi közéletben. Budapest: MONA, p. 49-65.
SˇIKLOVÁ, J. (1993). «Are Women in Central and Eastern Europe Conservative?». In:
FUNK, N.; MUELLER (eds.). Gender Politics and Post-Communism. Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York and London: Routledge, p. 74-83.
SMITH, N. (2000). «Marxist Geography». In: JOHNSTON, R. J.; GREGORY, D.; PRATT, G.; WATTS, M. (eds.). The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 485-492.
SZÖRÉNYINÉ KUKORELLI, I. (1999). «A no˝i egyéni vállalkozások néhány jellemzo˝je a határ mentén». In: NÁRAI, M.; RECHNITZER, J. (eds.). Elválaszt és összeköt a határ. Társadalmi-gazdasági változások az osztrák–magyar határ menti térségekben. Pécs- Gyo˝r: MTA RKK.
TIMÁR, J. (1998). «Feminista földrajz». In: TÓTH, J.; VUICS, T. (eds.). Általános társadalomföldrajz I. Budapest–Pécs: Dialog Campus, p. 266-283.
TIMÁR, J. (2000). «Geographical aspects of changing conditions of women in post-socialist Hungary». In: KOVÁCS, Z. (ed.). Hungary Towards the 21st Century. The Human Geography of Transition. Budapest: Geographical Research Institute HAS, p. 151-167.
TIMÁR, J. (2001). «A háztartási “túlélési stratégiák” területi szempontú kutatásának néhány elméleti kérdése és empirikus eredménye az átment ido˝szakában Magyarországon». In: EKÉNÉ ZAMÁRDI, I. (ed.). Jubileumi tanulmányok. Debrecen: Debreceni Egyetem, p. 209-218.
TIMÁR, J. (2002). «Restructuring labour markets on the frontier of the European Union: Gendered uneven development in Hungary». In: RAINNIE, A.; SMITH, A.; SWAIN, A. (eds.). Work, Employment and Transition: Restructuring livelihoods in post-communism. London and New York: Routledge, p. 134-154.
TIMÁR, J. (2004a). «More than “Anglo-American”, it is “Western”: hegemony in geography from a Hungarian perspective». Geoforum, 35, p. 533-538.
TIMÁR, J. (2004b). «Gendered urban policy-making; the role of geographical scale in women’s participation in Hungarian local governments». In: CORTESI, G.; CRISTALDI, F.; DROOGLEEVER, F, J. (eds.). Gendered Cities. Identities, activities, networks. A lifecourse approach. Rome: Societa Geografica Italiana, p. 227-243.
TIMÁR, J. (2005). «Gender and Spatial Inequalities in Hungary in the Transition Era». In: BARTA, GY.; G. FEKETE, É.; KUKORELLI SZÖRÉNYINÉ, I.; TIMÁR, J. (eds.). Hungarian Spaces and Places: Patterns of Transition. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, p. 307-322.
TIMÁR, J.; FÁBIÁN JELENSZKYNÉ, I. (2004). «Female Representation in the Higher Education of Geography in Hungary». Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28, 1, p. 101-110.
TIMÁR, J.; VELKEY, G. (1998). «The question marks of the relatively favourable rate of female unemployment in Hungary». In: BASSA, L.; KERTÉSZ, L. (eds.). Windows on Hungarian Geography. Budapest: Geographical Research Institute HAS, p.199-209.
VÁRADI, M. M. (2005). «Increasingly Fossilised Labour Market Structures and Strategies of Livelihood: Chances of Disadvantaged Groups in the Labour Market». In: BARTA, GY.; G. FEKETE É.: KUKORELLI SZÖRÉNYINÉ, I.; TIMÁR, J. (eds.). Hungarian Spaces and Places: Patterns of Transition. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, p. 289-306.
VOICULESCU, S. (2004). «Rethinking women’s bodies; from uniforms to sexual freedom». In: CORTESI, G.; CRISTALDI, F.; DROOGLEEVER, F. (eds.). Gendered Cities. Identities, activities, networks. A life-course approach. Rome: Societa Geografica Italiana, p. 57-68.
VOICULESCU, S.; LELEA, M. A. (2003). «A Review of Gender and Geography and its Development in Romania». Analele Universita˘t¸ii de Vest din Timifloara, Geografie, XIII, p. 123-144.
Publicades
Com citar
Descàrregues
Aquesta obra està sota una llicència internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement-NoComercial 4.0.
