Immigration, intermarriage and socio-cultural integration in Catalonia, Spain: Towards a multi-method analysis
Abstract
Since the beginning of the last decade, coinciding with the arrival of a considerable number of foreign immigrants to Spain, the amount of mixed or bi-national unions has grown considerably. However, very little is still actually known about the scope, internal dynamics, meanings and social consequences of this situation. In this paper we present the preliminary findings of two research projects in progress, in which the relationship between mixed unions and social integration/cohesion is being analyzed, from the study of seven immigrant origins forming mixed and non-mixed unions residing in Catalonia (Spain), and using a multi-method approach that includes the analysis of administrative data sources and 94 personal/social networks. The data presented here correspond to the analysis of one significant data source (ENI) and the descriptive analysis of some personal networks. Our results suggest a multi-directional or segmented relationship between mixedness and social integration, which is much more complex than it has traditionally been theorized.Keywords
immigration, mixed unions, mixedness, social integration, personal/social networksReferences
AJUNTAMENT DE BARCELONA (2012). La població estrangera a Barcelona. Gener 2012. Barcelona: Departament d’Estadística, Ajuntament de Barcelona. Informe estadístic.
ALBA, Richard i KESSLER, Ronald (1979). «Patterns of Interethnic Marriage Among Catholic Americans». Social Forces, 57, 1.124-1.140.
ARANGO, Joaquín (2000). «Becoming a Country of Immigration at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Case of Spain». A: King, R.; Lazaridis, G. i Tsardanidis, C. (eds.). Eldorado o Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 253-276.
BASTIDE, Roger (1961). «Dusky Venus, Black Apollo». Race, 3 (1), 10-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639686100300102
BECK, Ulrich i BECK-GERNSHEIM, Elisabeth (2012). Amor a distancia. Nuevas formas de vida en la era global. Barcelona: Paidós.
BOTT, Elizabeth (1990) [1957]. Family and Social Network. Londres: Tavistock.
BRANDES, Ulrik; LERNER, Jürgen; LUBBERS, Miranda J.; MCCARTY, Cristopher; MOLINA, José Luis i NAGEL, Uwe (2010). «Recognizing modes of acculturation in personal networks of migrants». Procedia. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 4, 4-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.478
BRYCESON, Deborah i VUORELA, Ulla (eds.) (2002). The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. Oxford: Berg.
BUENO, Xiana (2010). «Los comportamientos demográficos diferenciales en la formación de la familia de la población inmigrada en España». Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Geografia/Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics. Tesi doctoral.
COLEMAN, David (1994). «Trends in Fertility and Intermarriage among Immigrant Populations in Western Europe as Measures of Integration». Journal of Biosocial Science, 26 (1), 107-136.
COLLET, Beate i SANTELLI, Emmanuelle (2012). Couples d’ici, parents d’ailleurs. Parcours de descendants d’immigrés. París: PUF. Le Lien Social.
CONSTABLE, N. (2003). Romance on a Global Stage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
CORTINA, Clara; ESTEVE, Albert i DOMINGO, Andreu (2006). «Crecimiento y singularidades demográficas de los matrimonios de extranjeros en España». Migraciones, 20, 75-105.
— (2008). «Marriage Patterns of the Foreign-Born Population in a New Country of Immigration: The Case of Spain». International Migration Review, 42 (4), 877-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00151.x
CORTINA, Clara; ESTEVE, Albert i JIMÉNEZ, Edurne (2008). «La delicada captación estadística de las uniones de los inmigrantes». Índice, setembre 2008.
DAVIS, Kingsley (1941). «Intermarriage in Caste Societies». American Anthropologist, 43, 388-395.
DOMINGO, Andreu (2010). «La immigració i els reptes de futur en la Catalunya del 2030». Quaderns d’Acció Social i Ciutadania, 9. Barcelona: Departament d’Acció Social i Ciutadania, Generalitat de Catalunya.
DOO-SUB, Kim (ed.) (2012). Cross-Border Marriage: Global Trends and Diversity. Seül: KIHASA.
ESTEVE, Albert i BUENO, Xiana (2010). «Tras el rastro estadístico de las parejas de inmigrantes en España». Revista de Estadística Española, 52 (173), 91-125.
FANON, Frantz (1967) [1952]. Black skin, white masks. Nova York: Grove.
FU, Vincent K. (2001) «Racial Intermarriage Pairings». Demography, 38 (2), 147-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0011
GORDON, Milton (1964). Assimilation in American Life. Nova York: OUP.
HEIKKILÄ. Elli i YEOH, Brenda (2010). (Eds.) International Marriages in the Time of Globalization. Nova York: Nova Science.
HULL, Kathleen; MEIER, Ann i ORTYL, Timothy (2010). «The changing landscape of love and marriage». Contexts, 9 (2), 32-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2010.9.2.32
IDESCAT (Institut Català d’Estadística) (2009). Moviment natural de la població. Barcelona: Idescat.
INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) (2011a). Padrón municipal de población. Madrid: INE.
— (2011b). «Movimiento natural de la población e indicadores demográficos básicos. An_̃o 2010. Datos avanzados». Nota de premsa del 7 de juliol de 2011. Madrid: INE.
IZQUIERDO ESCRIBANO, Antonio (1996). La inmigración inesperada. La población extranjera en España (1991-1995). Madrid: Trotta.
KALMIJN, Matthijs (1998). «Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns and Trends». Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 395-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.395
— (2010). «Educational inequality, homogamy and status exchange in Black-White intermarriage: A comment on Rosenfeld». American Journal of Sociology, 115 (4), 1.252-1.263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649050
KING, Russell (2002). «Towards a New Map of European Migration». International Journal of Population Geography, 8 (2), 89-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.246
LEACH, Edmund (1967). «Characterization of Caste and Race Systems». A: De Reuck, A. i Knight, J. (eds.). Caste and Race: Comparative Approaches. Londres: Ciba Foundation Symposia, 17-27.
LEE, Sara (2004) «Marriage Dilemmas: Partner Choices and Constraints for Korean Americans in New York City». A: Lee, J. i Zhou, M. (eds.) Asian American Youth. Culture, Identity and Ethnicity. Londres i Nova York: Routledge, 285-298.
LIEBERSON, S. i WATERS, Mary C. (1988). From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. Nova York: Russell Sage.
LIEVENS, John (1999). «Family-Forming Migration from Turkey and Morocco to Belgium». International Migration Review, 33 (3), 717-744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547532
LUBBERS, Miranda J.; MOLINA, José Luis; MCCARTY, Cristopher (2007). «Personal Networks and Ethnic Identifications: The Case of Migrants in Spain». International Sociology, (22), 721-741.
MAI, Nicola i KING, Rusell (2009). «Love, sexuality and migration: mapping the issue(s)». Mobilities, 4 (3): 295-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450100903195318
MARCSON, Simon (1950). A theory of intermarriage and assimilation. Social Forces, 29 (1), 75-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2572762
MCCARTY, Cristopher (2002). «Structure in Personal Networks». Journal of Social Structure. http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/volume3/McCarty.html [consulta: 10 d’octubre de 2013].
MCCARTY, Cristopher; MOLINA, José Luis; AGUILAR, Claudia i ROTA, Laura (2007). «A Comparison of Social Network Mapping and Personal Network Visualization». Field Methods, 19 (2), 145-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822X06298592
MERTON, Robert K. (1941). «Intermarriage and the Social Structure: Fact and Theory». Psychiatry, 4, 361-374.
MIGUEL LUKEN, Verónica de; RODRÍGUEZ-GARCÍA, Dan; SOLANA SOLANA, Miguel i PASCUAL DE SANS, Àngels (2012). La població immigrada a Catalunya: consideracions sobre les seves condicions d’assentament i integració a partir de les dades de l’ENI 2007. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
MIGUEL LUKEN, Verónica de; SOLANA SOLANA, Miguel i PASCUAL DE SANS, Àngels (dir.) (2007). Redes sociales de apoyo. La inserción de la población extranjera. Bilbao: BBVA.
MOLINA, José Luis; MCCARTY, Cristopher; AGUILAR, Claudia i ROTA, Laura (2007). «La estructura social de la memoria». A: Lozares, C. (ed.). Interacción, redes sociales y ciencias cognitivas. Barcelona: La Razón Áurea.
PAGNINI, Deanna i MORGAN, S. Phillip (1990). «Intermarriage and social distance among U.S. immigrants at the turn of the century». American Sociological Review, 96, 405-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229534
PENNINX, Rinus (2005). «Integration of migrants: economic, social, cultural and political dimensions». A: Macura, M.; MacDonald, A. i Haug, W. (eds.). The new demographic regime. Population challenges and policy responses. Nova York / Ginebra: United Nations, 137-152.
PORTER, John (1965). The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada. Toronto: UTP.
QIAN, Z. i LICHTER, D. (2001). «Measuring Marital Assimilation: Intermarriage among Natives and Immigrants». Social Science Research, 30, 289-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ssre.2000.0699
RESNIK, Reuben B. (1933). «Some sociological aspects of intermarriage of Jew and non-Jew». Social Forces, 12 (1), 94-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2570123
ROCA GIRONA, Jordi (2011). «Amores glocales, noviazgos transnacionales. La búsqueda virtual de pareja mixta por parte de hombres españoles». Revista de Antropología Social, 20, 263-292.
RODRÍGUEZ-GARCÍA, Dan (2002). «Endogamia, exogamia y relaciones interétnicas. Un estudio sobre la formación y dinámica de la pareja y la familia centrado en inmigrantes de Senegal y Gambia en Cataluña». Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament d’Antropologia Social i Cultural. Tesi doctoral.
— (2004a). Inmigración y mestizaje hoy. Formación de matrimonios mixtos y familias transnacionales de población africana en Cataluña. Barcelona: Servei de Publicacions de la UAB.
— (2004b). «Inmigración y mestizaje hoy. Formación de matrimonios mixtos y familias transnacionales de inmigrantes en Cataluña». Migraciones, 16, 77-120.
— (2006). «Mixed Marriages and Transnational Families in the Intercultural Context». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32 (3), 403-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830600555186
— (2007). «Intermarriage Patterns and Socio-ethnic Stratification among Ethnic Groups in Toronto». CERIS Working Paper No. 60. Toronto: CERIS – Joint Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement.
— (2012). «Considérations théoricométhodologiques autour de la mixité». Enfances, Familles, Générations, 17, 41-58 (núm. especial: «Mixité conjugale et définition de soi: regards croisés»).
ROSENFELD, Michael (2005). «A Critique of Exchange Theory in Mate Selection». American Journal of Sociology, 110 (5), 1.284-1.325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/428441
— (2007). The Age of Independence: Interracial Unions, Same-Sex Unions, and the Changing American Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
RUMBAUT, Rubén G. (1997). «Assimilation and its Discontents: Between Rhetoric and Reality». International Migration Review, 31 (4), 923-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547419
RYTINA, Steve; BLAU, Peter; BLUM, Terry; SCHWARTZ, Josehp (1988). «Inequality and Intermarriage: A paradox of Motive and Constraint», Social Forces, 66: 645-675.
SAFI, Mirna (2006). «Le processus d’intégration des immigrés en France: inégalités et segmentation». Revue Française de Sociologie, 62 (3), 618-639.
— (2008). «Intermarriage and assimilation: disparities in levels of exogamy among immigrants in France». Population, 63 (2), 239-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pope.802.0239
SAID, Edward (1978). Orientalism. Nova York: Vintage.
SÁNCHEZ DOMÍNGUEZ, María Isabel (2011). «Estrategias matrimoniales y procesos de integración social de los inmigrantes en España». Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Tesi doctoral.
SANTACREU, Óscar i FRANCÉS, Francisco (2008). «Parejas mixtas de europeos en España: integración, satisfacción y expectativas de futuro». Obets, 1, 7-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2008.1.01
SCOTT, Sam; CARTLEDGE, Kim H. (2009). «Migrant Assimilation in Europe: A Transnational Family Affair». International Migration Review, 43 (1), 60-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.01147.x
SONG, Miri (2009). «Is Intermarriage a Good Indicator of Integration?». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (2), 331-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830802586476
— (2010). «What happens after segmented assimilation? An exploration of intermarriage and ‘mixed race’ young people in Britain». Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33 (7), 1.194-1.213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419871003625271
SONG, Miri i ASPINALL, Peter (2012). «Is racial mismatch a problem for young ‘mixed race’ people in Britain? The findings of qualitative research». Ethnicities, 12 (2), 1-24.
WALDIS, Barbara; BYRON, Reginald (2006) (eds.) Migration and Marriage Heterogamy and Homogamy in a Changing World. Zuric: LIT.
WARD, Colleen (2013). «Probing identity, integration and adaptation: Big questions, little answers Original». International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37 (4), 391-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.04.001
WELLMAN, Barry; BERKOWITZ, Stephen (eds.) (1988). Social Structures: A Network Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILLIAMS, Lucy (2010). Global Marriage: Cross-Border Marriage Migration in Global Context. Basingstoke, Nova York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230283022
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2014 Dan Rodríguez García, Miguel Solana Solana, Miranda J. Lubbers, Verónica de Miguel Luken
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.