Jóvenes profesionales del sur de Europa a México. Razones para migrar, inserción laboral y expectativas de futuro

Anna Ortiz Guitart; Xavier Oliveras González; Cristóbal Mendoza Pérez

doi:10.5565/rev/dag.503

Young professionals from Southern Europe to Mexico: Reasons for migration, labour incorporation and future expectations

Authors

Anna Ortiz Guitart Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Xavier Oliveras González El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
Cristóbal Mendoza Pérez Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Departamento de Sociología Investigador invitado. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Economía, Geografía y Demografía

PDF (ES)

Abstract

As reported in the literature, the number of young skilled people migrating from Southern Europe to countries with more labour opportunities has increased following the 2008 economic crisis. Using a qualitative methodology, this paper analyses the migration of young university graduates (under 30) from Italy and Spain to Mexico. First, the paper focuses on push factors in their countries of origin. Secondly, it analyses reasons for migration to Mexico and concludes that these young people do not always migrate for labour reasons. Thirdly, interviewees have contradictory discourses regarding their labour incorporation (i.e. they appreciate the opportunity to develop their careers, but some lack satisfactory labour and wage conditions). Finally, in relation to their expectations for the future, they also show some contradictory discourses (e.g. positive feelings about working in a career-related job and a desire to return to their countries of origin).

Keywords

economic crisis, skilled migration, migrants in between, Mexico, Southern Europe

References

ANTHIAS, Floya (2012). «Transnational mobilities, migration research and intersectionality: Towards a translocational frame». Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 2 (2), 102-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0032-y

BOSCHMA, Ron; ERIKSSON, Rikard H. y LINDGREN, Urban (2014). «Labour market externalities and regional growth in Sweden: The importance of labour mobility between skill-related industries». Regional Studies, 48 (10), 1669-1690. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.867429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.867429

CAIRNS, David (2014). Youth Transitions, International Student Mobility and Spatial Reflexivity: Being Mobile? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137388513

CAIRNS, David; GROWIEC, Katarzyna y ALVES, Nuno de Almeida (2014). «Another “Missing Middle”?: The marginalised majority of tertiary-educated youth in Portugal during the economic crisis». Journal of Youth Studies, 17 (8), 1046-1060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.878789

CHACKO, Elizabeth (2017). «Exodus, circulation and return: Movements of high-skilled migrants from India in a transnactional era». En: VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline y WANG, Qingfang (eds.). Rethinking international skilled migration. Oxon: Routledge, 211-227.

CONRADSON, David y LATHAM, Alan (2007). «The affective possibilities of London: Antipodean Transnationals and the Overseas Experience». Mobilities, 2 (2), 231-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100701381573

DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ, Ramón; DOMÍNGUEZ-MÚJICA, Josefina y PARREÑO-CASTELLANO, Juan M. (2015). «Una aproximación a la emigración española durante la crisis económica: Herramientas de estudio». Aracne: Revista Electrónica de Recursos en Internet sobre Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 198.

DOMINGO, Andreu y SABATER, Albert (2013). «Crisis económica y emigración: La perspectiva demográfica». En: Anuario de la Inmigración en España (edición 2012). Barcelona: CIDOB, 62-89.

DOMINGO, Andreu; SABATER, Albert y ORTEGA, Enrique (2014). «¿Migración neohispánica?: El impacto de la crisis económica en la emigración española». EMPIRIA, Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, 29, 39-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.29.2014.12940

DOMÍNGUEZ-MÚJICA, Josefina; DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ, Ramón y PARREÑO-CASTELLANO, Juan (2016). «Migration abroad to get ahead: The emigration of young Spanish adults during the financial crisis (2008-2013)». En: DOMÍNGUEZ-MÚJICA, Josefina (ed.). Global change and human mobility. Singapur: Springer, 203-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0050-8_11

DUMONT, Jean-Christophe; SPIELVOGEL, Gilles y WIDMAIER, Sarah (2010). «International Migrants in Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries: An Extended Profile». OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 114.

FAVELL, Adrian (2008). «The New Face of East-West Migration in Europe». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34 (5), 701-716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802105947

FAVELL, Adrian; FELDBLUM, Miriam y SMITH, Michael P. (2006). «The human face of global mobility: A research agenda». En: SMITH, Michael P. y FAVELL, Adrian (eds). The human face of global mobility. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315132501-1

FRATESI, Ugo (2014). «Editorial. The mobility of high-skilled workers: Causes and consequences». Regional Studies, 48 (10), 1587-1591. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.955689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.955689

FUNDACIÓN BBVA (2015). Informe Fundación BBVA-IVIE 2014. Madrid: BBVA.

GLORIUS, Birgit (2016). «New “guest workers” from Spain?: Exploring migration to Germany in the context of economic and societal change». En: DOMÍNGUEZ-MÚJICA, Josefina (ed.). Global change and human mobility. Singapur: Springer, 225-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0050-8_12

HADLER, Markus (2006). «Intentions to migrate within the European Union: A challenge for simple economic macro-level explanations». European Societies, 8 (1), 111-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690500491324

INE (2015). Encuesta de Inserción Laboral de Titulados Universitarios 2014. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística.

INE (2016). Estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE). Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?L=0&type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase

INE (2017). Encuesta de Población Activa: Trimestre 4/2016. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176918&menu=resultados&idp=1254735976595#

JANICKA, Anna y KACZMARCZYK, Pawel (2016). «Mobilities in the crisis and post-crisis times: Migration strategies of Poles on the EU labour market». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42 (10), 1693-1710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162350

KING, Russell y RAGHURAM, Parvati (2013). «International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas». Population, Space and Place, 19 (2), 127-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1746

LESTER, Stephanie E. (2012). «“La Generación Ni Ni” and the Exodus of Spanish Youth: National Crisis or Functioning European Union Market?». Scripps Senior Theses, 83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5642/urceu.201201.12

LEY-CERVANTES, Melissa (2012). Stuck in the middle: Home-making strategies of Mexican middling migrants. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Tesis de doctorado.

MARTÍNEZ, Xavier y MARÍN, Antoni (2010). Educació i ascens social a Catalunya. Barcelona: Fundació Bofill.

MASSEY, Douglas S.; ARANGO, Joaquín; HUGO, Graeme; KOUAOUCI, Ali; PELLEGRINO, Adela y TAYLOR, J. Edward (1993). «Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal». Population and Development Review, 19 (3), 431-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462

MENDOZA, Cristóbal y ORTIZ, Anna (2006). «Hacer las Américas: Migrantes españoles de alta calificación en la ciudad de México». Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 47, 93-114.

MULHOLLAND, Jon y RYAN, Louise (2017). «“London is a much more interesting place than Paris”: Place-comparison and the moral geographies of highly skilled migrants». En: VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline y WANG, Qingfang (eds.). Rethinking international skilled migration. Oxon: Routledge, 135-153.

NAVARRETE, Lorenzo (2014). La emigración de los jóvenes españoles en el contexto de la crisis: Análisis y datos de un fenómeno difícil de cuantificar. Madrid: Observatorio de la Juventud en España.

OBSERVATORIO DE LAS OCUPACIONES (2015). Informe del mercado de trabajo de los jóvenes: Estatal. Datos 2014. Madrid: Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal.

ORTIZ, Anna y MENDOZA, Cristóbal (2008). «Vivir (en) la ciudad de México: Espacio vivido e imaginarios espaciales de un grupo de migrantes de alta calificación». Latin American Research Review, 43 (1), 113-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2008.0016

ORTIZ, Luis (2010). «Not the right job, but a secure one: Over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain». Work, Employment and Society, 24 (1), 47-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353657

PLÖGER, Jörg (2017). «High-skilled migrants, place ties, and urban policymaking: Putting housing on the agenda». En: VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline y WANG, Qingfang (eds.). Rethinking international skilled migration. Oxon: Routledge, 154-172.

RODRÍGUEZ, Ernesto y COBO, Salvador (2012). Extranjeros residentes en México: Una aproximación cuantitativa con base a los registros administrativos del INM. Ciudad de México: Centro de Estudios Migratorios. Instituto Nacional de Migración.

RODRÍGUEZ-FARIÑAS, María J.; ROMERO-VALIENTE, Juan M. y HIDALGO-CAPITÁN, Antonio L. (2016). «Los exiliados económicos: La nueva emigración española a México (2008-2014)». Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 20 (531). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2016.20.15793

SANTOS, Antonio (2013). «Fuga de cerebros y crisis en España: Los jóvenes en el punto de mira de los discursos empresariales». Áreas: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, 32, 125-137.

SCOTT, Sam (2006). «The social morphology of skilled migration: The case of the British middle class in Paris». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32 (7), 1105-1129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600821802

SILVANTO, Sari y RYAN, Jason (2014). «Relocation branding: A strategic framework for attracting talent from abroad». Journal of Global Mobility, 2 (1), 102-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-07-2013-0046

SJAASTAD, Larry A. (1962). «The costs and returns of human migration». Journal of Political Economy, 70 (5), 80-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/258726

TODARO, Michael P. (1976). Internal Migration in Developing Nations: A Review of Theory, Evidence, Methodology and Research Priorities. Ginebra: International Labor Organization.

VAN MOL, Christof (2015). «Why do students move?: An analysis of mobility determinants among Italians students». En: DERVIN, Fred y MARCHART, Regis (eds). The new politics of global academic mobility and migration. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 19-40.

VAN MOL, Christof (2016). «Migration aspirations of European youth in times of crisis». Journal of Youth Studies, 19 (10), 1303-1320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1166192

VAN MOL, Christof (2017). «European mobile students, (trans)national social networks, and (inter)national career perspectives». En: VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline y WANG, Qingfang (eds.). Rethinking international skilled migration. Oxon: Routledge, 54-74.

VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline; BASFORD, Scott y BURNHAM, Alana (2016). «Socio-cultural incorporation of skilled migrants at work: Employer and migrant perspectives». International Migration, 54 (3), 20-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12221

VERD, Joan Miquel y LÓPEZ-ANDREU, Martí (2016). «Crisis del empleo y polarización de las trayectorias laborales: El caso de los adultos jóvenes en Cataluña». Papers, 101 (1), 5-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2167

WHITE, Anne (2010). «Young people and migration from contemporary Poland». Journal of Youth Studies, 13 (5), 565-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.487520

WIESBÖCK, Laura; VERWIEBE, Roland; REINPRECHT, Christoph y HAINDORFER, Raimund (2016). «The economic crisis as a driver of cross-border labour mobility?: A multi-method perspective on the case of the Central European Region». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42 (10), 1711-1727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162354

WILES, Janine (2008). «Sense of home in a transnational social space: New Zealanders in London». Global networks: a journal of transnational affairs, 8 (1), 116-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2008.00188.x

YU, Wan (2017). «Chinese student migrants in transition: A pathway from international students to skilled migrants». En: VAN RIEMSDIJK, Micheline y WANG, Qingfang (eds.). Rethinking international skilled migration. Oxon: Routledge, 93-110.