Is anything of the sharing economy left? An analysis of Airbnb’s non-professional hosts in Leipzig (Germany)
Abstract
Short-term rental platforms such as Airbnb foster the commodification of housing and exacerbate problems in the neighborhoods in which they are concentrated. Under the motto of living like a local and the umbrella of the collaborative economy, Airbnb has become one of the icons of platform capitalism. Through interviews in the city of Leipzig (Germany), in this work we focus not on its effects, but on the supply side, trying to understand who offers their home, or part of it, on Airbnb, and if there is still a collaborative aspect focusing on non-professional hosts. We also explore whether the regime and conditions of the platform foster professionalization and expel non-professional hosts.
Keywords
sharing economy, platform capitalism, Airbnb, regime, non-professional hosts, LeipzigReferences
AALBERS, Manuel (2019). «Introduction to the forum: From third to fifth-wave gentrification». Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 110 (1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12332
AIRBNB (2020a). Öffne deine Türen als Gastgeber:in. Recuperado de www.airbnb.de/host/homes [Fecha de consulta: 12/12/2020].
AIRBNB (2020b). A message of our new Global Head of Hosting. Recuperado de www.youtu.be/D_01kdb1CPo [Fecha de consulta: 5/12/2010].
AIRDNA (2020). Rental cannel: Rental activity. Recuperado de www.airdna.co/vacation-rental-data/app/de/sachsen/leipzig/overview [Fecha de consulta: 5/12/2010].
ARMAS-DÍAZ, Alejandro; ÖSTREICHER, Marlis y DENZER, Vera (2021). «Das Airbnb-Regime: Das Ende nichtprofessioneller Kurzzeitvermietungen?». Berichte: Geographie und Landeskunde, 94 (1), 64-81. https://doi.org/10.25162/bgl-2021-0004
ARMAS-DÍAZ, Alejandro; SMIGIEL, Christian y JANOSCHKA, Michael (2021). «Stadt | Tourismus kritisch hinterfragt – Zur Einführung in ein aufstrebendes humangeographisches Forschungsfeld». Berichte: Geographie und Landeskunde, 94 (1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.25162/bgl-2021-0001
ARMAS-DÍAZ, Alejandro; FRIEDEL, Sarah y HÜBSCHER, Marcus (2022). «Geographien der Enteignung: die Analyse einer touristischen Stadt (Puerto de la Cruz, Kanarische Inseln)». Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 163, 113-140. https://doi.org/10.1553/moegg163s113
BAIN, Alison L. y LANDAU, Friederike (2019). «Assessing the local embeddedness dynamics of the Baumwollspinnerei cultural quarter in Leipzig: Introducing the POSES Star Framework». European Planning Studies, 27 (8), 1564-1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1592120
BECKETT, Antony y NAYAK, Ajit (2008). «The reflexive consumer». Marketing Theory, 8 (3), 299-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593108093558
BELK, Russell (2007). «Why Not Share Rather Than Own?». The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611 (1), 126-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716206298483
BELK, Russell (2010). «Sharing». Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (5), 715-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/612649
BELK, Russell (2014). «Sharing versus pseudo-sharing in web 2.0». The Anthropologist, 18 (1), 7-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891518
BELK, Russell y LLAMAS, Rosa (2012). «The nature and effects of sharing in consumer behavior». En: MICK, David Glen; PETTIGREW, Simone; PEACHMANN, Cornelia y OZANNE, Julie L. (eds.). Transformative consumer research for personal and collective wellbeing. Chicago: Routledge, 653-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203813256
BERNT, Matthias; RINK, Dieter y HOLM, Andrej (2010). «Gentrificationforschung in Ostdeutschland: Konzeptionelle Probleme und Forschungslücken». Berichte zur Deutschen Landeskunde, 84 (2), 185-203.
BIALSKI, Paula (2016). «Authority and authorship: Uncovering the sociotechnical regimes of peer-to-peer tourism». En: RUSSO, Antonio Paolo y RICHARDS, Greg (eds.). Reinventing the local in tourism. Buffalo: Channel View Publications, 35-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845415709-005
BOTSMAN, Rachel y ROGERS, Roo (2011). What’s mine is yours: The rise of collaborative consumption. Nueva York: HarperCollins Publishers.
BOURDIEU, Pierre (1986). «The Forms of Capital». En: BIGGART, N. W. (ed.). Readings in Economic Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell, 280-291.
BUSCH, Christoph; DEMARY, Vera; ENGELS, Barbara; HAUCAP, Justus; KEHDER, Christiane; LOEBERT, Ina y RUSCHE, Christian (2018). Sharing economy im Wirtschaftsraum Deutschland. Berlín: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie. Recuperado de https://www.iwkoeln.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Studien/Gutachten/PDF/2018/BMWi_Brosch_Sharing_Economy_lang_27_8.pdf [Fecha de consulta: 10/11/2020].
CAÑADA, Ernest y MURRAY, Ivan (eds.) (2019). Turistificación global: Perspectivas críticas en turismo. Barcelona: Icaria.
CHENG, Mingming y FOLEY, Carmel (2019). «Algorithmic management: The case of Airbnb». International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 33-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.009
COCKAYNE, Daniel G. (2016). «Sharing and neoliberal discourse: The economic function of sharing in the digital on-demand economy». Geoforum, 77, 73-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.10.005
COCOLA-GANT, Agustín (2016). «Holiday rentals: The new gentrification battlefront». Sociological Research Online, 21 (3), 112-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4071
COCOLA-GANT, Agustín y GAGO, Ana (2019). «Airbnb, buy-to-let investment and tourism-driven displacement». Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53 (7), 1671-1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19869012
COCOLA-GANT, Agustín; JOVER, Jaime; CARVALHO, Luís y CHAMUSCA, Pedro (2021). «Corporate hosts: The rise of professional management in the short-term rental industry». Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100879
COLES, Tim (2003). «Urban tourism, place promotion and economic restructuring: The case of post-socialist Leipzig». Tourism Geographies, 5 (2), 190-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461668032000068306
DEMARY, Vera (2015). Competition in the sharing economy. Colonia: Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft. Recuperado de https://www.iwkoeln.de/fileadmin/publikationen/2015/235445/Sharing_Economy_Policy_Paper.pdf [Fecha de consulta: 8/11/2020].
DIRKSMEIER, Peter y HELBRECHT, Ilse (2015). «Resident perceptions of New Urban Tourism: A neglected geography of prejudice». Geography Compass, 9 (5), 276-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12201
DOMÈNECH, Antoni; LARPIN, Blaise; SCHEGG, Roland y SCAGLIONE, Miriam (2019). «Disentangling the geographical logic of Airbnb in Switzerland». Erdkunde, 73 (4), 245-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2019.04.01
FARMAKI, Anna y KANIADAKIS, Antonios (2020). «Power dynamics in peer-to-peer accommodation: Insights from Airbnb hosts». International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102571
FARMAKI, Anna y STERGIOU, Dimitrios (2019). «Escaping loneliness through Airbnb host-guest interactions». Tourism Management, 74, 331-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.006
FARMAKI, Anna; STERGIOU, Dimitrios y KANIADAKIS, Antonios (2019). «Self-perceptions of Airbnb hosts’ responsibility». Journal of Sustainable Tourism. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1707216
FOUCAULT, Michel (2006). Seguridad, territorio, población. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
FREISTAAT SACHSEN (2019). Ankünfte im Freistaat Sachsen ab 2000 nach Reisegebieten. Dresden: Statistisches Landesamt. Recuperado de https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/050_W-Handel-Tour-DL/G_IV_1mt003.pdf [Fecha de consulta: 5/10/2020].
FRICK, Karin; HAUSER, Mirjam y GÜRTLER, Detlef (2013). Sharity: Die Zukunft des Teilens. Zürich: Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute. Recuperado de https://www.gdi.ch/de/publikationen/studien-buecher/sharity [Fecha de consulta: 14/10/2020].
FÜLLER, Henning y MICHEL, Boris (2014). «‘Stop Being a Tourist!’: New dynamics of urban tourism in Berlin‐Kreuzberg». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38 (4), 1304-1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12124
GARCÍA HERNÁNDEZ, Juan Samuel; ARMAS-DÍAZ, Alejandro y DÍAZ-RODRÍGUEZ, María del Carmen (2020). «Desposesión de vivienda y turistificación en Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canarias-España)». Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 87, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2982
GIL GARCÍA, Javier (2017). «Desigualdades, límites y posibilidades para la transformación del capital en las economías colaborativas». Redes.com, 15, 32-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15213/redes.n15.p33
GROßMANN, Katrin; BONTJE, Marco; HAASE, Annegret y MYKHNENKO, Vlad (2013). «Shrinking cities: Notes for the further research agenda». Cities, 35, 221-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.07.007
GURRAN, Nicole (2018). «Global home-sharing, local communities and the Airbnb debate». Planning Theory and Practice, 19 (2), 298-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2017.1383731
GUTTENTAG, Daniel; SMITH, Stephen; POTWARKA, Luke y HAVITZ, Mark (2018). «Why tourists choose Airbnb: A motivation-based segmentation study». Journal of Travel Research, 57 (3), 342-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517696980
HAASE, Annegret y RINK, Dieter (2015). «Inner-city transformation between reurbanization and gentrification: Leipzig, eastern Germany». Geografie, 120 (2), 226-250.
HEINIG, Stephan y HERFERT, Günther (2012). «Leipzig–intraregionale und innerstädtische Reurbanisierungspfade». En: BRAKE, Klaus y HERFERT, Günther (eds.). Reurbanisierung: Materialität und Diskurs in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 323-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94211-7_18
HELLWING, Katharina; MOHART, Felicitas; KOCHER, Bruno y ZISIADIS, George (2014). «Share Your Life and Get More of Yourself: Experience sharing in couchsurfing». NA-Advances in Consumer Research, 42, 510-511. Recuperado de https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/1017655
HOFMANN, Ulrike (2020). «Tourismus 2019». En: SCHMITT, Christian (ed.). Statistischer Quartalsbericht I/2020. Leipzig: Stadt Leipzig. Amt für Statistik und Wahlen, 35-41.
IKKALA, Tapio y LAMPINEN, Airi (2015). «Monetizing Network Hospitality: Hospitality and Sociability in the Context of Airbnb». CSCW ‘15: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1033-1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675274
MAIER, George y GILCHRIST, Kate R. (2022). «Women who host: An intersectional critique of rentier capitalism on AirBnB». Gender, Work & Organization. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12815
MAITLAND, Robert y NEWMAN, Peter (2009). «Developing world tourism cities». En: MAITLAND, Robert y NEWMAN, Peter (eds.). World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Oxon: Routledge, 1-21.
MALAZIZI, Nahid; ALIPOUR, Habib y OLYA, Hossein (2018). «Risk perceptions of Airbnb hosts: Evidence from a Mediterranean island». Sustainability, 10 (5), 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10051349
MAYRING, Philipp (2007). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. Weinheim, Basilea: Beltz Verlag.
MERMET, Anne-Cécile (2017). «Airbnb and tourism gentrification: Critical insights from the exploratory analysis of the ‘Airbnb syndrome’ in Reykjavik». En: GRAVARI-BARBAS, Maria y GUINAND, Sandra (eds.). Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises: International perspectives. Oxon: Routledge, 52-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315629759
MERMET, Anne-Cécile (2021). «Who Is Benefiting from Airbnb?: Assessing the Redistributive Power of Peer-to-Peer Short-Term Rentals». The Professional Geographer, 73 (3), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2021.1906921
MURRAY, Ivan (2015). Capitalismo y turismo en España. Barcelona: Alba Sud.
NOVY, Johannes y COLOMB, Claire (2016). «Urban tourism and its discontents: An introduction». En: COLOMB, Claire y NOVY, Johannes (eds.). Protest and resistance in the touristic city. Oxon: Routledge, 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315719306
QUAESTIO (2019). Untersuchung der Zweckentfremdung von Wohnraum in Leipzig. Bonn. Recuperado de http://ratsinfo.leipzig.de/bi/vo020.asp?VOLFDNR=1014240 [Fecha de consulta: 3 de octubre de 2020].
RICHARDSON, Lizzie (2015). «Performing the sharing economy». Geoforum, 67, 121-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.004
ROBERTSON, Dustin; OLIVER, Christopher y NOST, Eric (2020). «Short-term rentals as digitally-mediated tourism gentrification: Impacts on housing in New Orleans». Tourism Geographies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1765011
ROELOFSEN, Maartje y MINCA, Claudio (2018). «The superhost: Biopolitics, home and community in the Airbnb dream-world of global hospitality». Geoforum, 91, 170-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.02.021
SALOM CARRASCO, Júlia y PITARCH GARRIDO, María Dolores (2021). «Cambios económicos, movilidad residencial y gentrificación en la ciudad de Valencia (2014-2017)». Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 67 (3), 521-560. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.661
SATURNINO, Rodrigo y SOUSA, Helena (2019). «Hosting as a Lifestyle: The Case of Airbnb Digital Platform and Lisbon Hosts». Partecipazione & Conflitto, 12 (3), 794-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v12i3p794
SEMI, Giovanni y TONETTA, Marta (2021). «Marginal hosts: Short-term rental suppliers in Turin, Italy». Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53 (7), 1630-1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20912435
SINGH GARHA, Nachatter (2021). «The spatial penetration of Airbnb in the main tourist cities of Spain: Extent and Determinants». Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 68 (1), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.681
SMIGIEL, Christian; HOF, Angela; KAUTZSCHMANN, Karolin y SEIDEL, Roman (2019). «No Sharing!: Ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz zur Analyse von Kurzzeitvermietungen und ihren sozialräumlichen Auswirkungen am Beispiel der Stadt Salzburg». Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 78 (2), 153-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0054
SRNICEK, Nick (2017). Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Wiley.
STABROWSKI, Filip (2017). «‘People as businesses’: Airbnb and urban micro-entrepreneurialism in New York City». Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 10 (2), 327-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx004
STADT LEIPZIG (2020). Leipziger Informationssystem. Recuperado de www.statistik.leipzig.de.
STORS, Natalie (2020). «Constructing new urban tourism space through Airbnb». Tourism Geographies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1750683
STORS, Natalie y KAGERMEIER, Andreas (2015). «Motives for using Airbnb in metropolitan tourism: Why do people sleep in the bed of a stranger?». Regions Magazine, 299 (1), 17-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13673882.2015.11500081
STORS, Natalie y KAGERMEIER, Andreas (2017). «Airbnb-Gastgeber als Akteure im New Urban Tourism». Geographische Zeitschrift, 105 (3/4), 190-224.
WACHSMUTH, David y WEISLER, Alexander (2018). «Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy». Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 50 (6), 1147-1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18778038
WOSSKOW, Debbie (2014). Unlocking the sharing economy. Londres: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Recuperado de https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/378291/bis-14-1227-unlocking-the-sharing-economy-an-independent-review.pdf [Fecha de consulta: 10/10/2020].
YRIGOY, Ismael (2017). «Airbnb en Menorca: ¿Una nueva forma de gentrificación turística? Localización de la vivienda turística, agentes e impactos sobre el alquiler residencial». Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 21. https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2017.21.18573
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2022 Alejandro Armas-Díaz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.