Residential and occupational segregation of the African population in Spain in the 21st century
Abstract
African migration in Spain played a pioneering role in the transition from a country of emigration to one of immigration. Despite the heavy influx of people of other origins since the year 2000, Africans continue to be one of the most significant groups, characterised by wide territorial distribution and high levels of occupational and residential segregation. The analysis of the relationship between both kinds of segregation at the regional level is the objective of this project, in comparison with other immigrants. The questions answered by this research, based on the values of the dissimilarity index and Pearson’s correlation analysis, are: 1) how do levels of residential and occupational segregation change according to sex and origin?; 2) to what extent are they affected by the impact of their financial situation?, and 3) what is the correlation between occupational and residential segregation?
Keywords
migrant population, residential segregation, occupational segregation, crisis, African populationReferences
ACHEBAK, H.; BAYONA, J. y DOMINGO, A. (2017). «Evolución y pautas geográficas de la segregación residencial de los marroquíes en España». Estudios Geográficos, 283, 417-443. https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.201714
APARICIO, R. y TORNOS, A. (2005). Las redes sociales de los inmigrantes extranjeros en España: Un estudio sobre el terreno. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales y Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración.
ARBACI, S. y MALHEIROS, J. (2009). «De-Segregation, Peripheralisation and the Social Exclusion of Immigrants: Southern European Cities in the 1990s». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (2), 227-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903387378
ARJONA, Á. y CHECA, J. C. (2007). «Ubicación espacial de los negocios en Almería: ¿Formación de enclaves económicos étnicos?». Estudios Geográficos, LXVIII (263), 391-415. https://doi.org/10.3989/egeogr.2007.i263.62
ÅSLUND, O. y SKANS OSKAR, N. (2010). «Will I See You at Work?: Ethnic Workplace Segregation in Sweden, 1985-2002». Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 63 (3), 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300306
BAYONA, J. (2007). «La segregación residencial de la población extranjera en Barcelona: ¿Una segregación fragmentada?». Scripta Nova, 11 (235).
BERNARDI, F. y GARRIDO, L. (2008). «Is There a New Service Proletariat Post-Industrial Employment Growth and Social Inequality in Spain». European Sociological Review, 24 (3), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn003
CEA D’ANCONA, M. A. y VALLES, M. (2021). Aproximación a la población africana y afrodescendiente en España: Identidad y acceso a derechos. Madrid: Ministerio de Igualdad.
CERVERO, R.; ROOD, T. y APPLEYARD, B. (1999). «Tracking Accessibility: Employment and Housing Opportunities in the San Francisco Bay Area». Environment and Planning, 31 (7), 1259-1278. https://doi.org/10.1068/a311259
CHECA, J. C. y ARJONA, A. (2007). «Factores explicativos de la segregación residencial de los inmigrantes en Almería». Revista Internacional de Sociología, LXV (48), 173-200. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2007.i48.73
CHOFFEL, P. y DELATTRE, É. (2003). «Habiter un Quartier Défavorisé: Quels Effets sur la Durée de Chômage?». Premières Synthèses, Dares, 43 (1).
CLARK, K. y DRINKWATER, S. (2002). «Enclaves, neighbourhood effects and employment outcomes: Ethnic minorities in England and Wales». Journal of Population Economics, 15 (1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003839
DAWKINS, C. J.; SHEN, Q. y SANCHEZ, T. W. (2005). «Race, space, and unemployment duration». Journal of Urban Economics, 58 (1), 91-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2005.02.001
DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ, R.; DOMÍNGUEZ, J. y PARREÑO J. M. (2017). «Vulnerabilidad urbana y segregación residencial de la población extranjera no comunitaria en las ciudades más populosas de Canarias». En: ACOSTA, E. (coord.). XXII Coloquio de Historia Canario-americana: las ciudades del mundo Atlántico. Pasado, presente y futuro, 1-17.
DIETZ, R. D. (2002). «The estimation of neighborhood effects in the social sciences: An interdisciplinary approach». Social Science Research, 31 (4), 539-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00005-4
DOMINGO, A. y VONO, D. (2012). «Africans in the Southern European Countries: Italy, Spain and Portugal». En: MARTÍNEZ PIZARRO, J. y REBOIRAS, L. (eds.). Development, Institutional and Policy Aspects of International Migration between Africa, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. ECLAC, 15-59.
DOMÍNGUEZ, J.; PARREÑO, J. M. y DÍAZ, R. (2010). «Inmigración y ciudad en España: Integración versus segregación socio-territoriales». Scripta Nova, XIV (331).
DUNCAN, O. D. y DUNCAN, B. (1955). «Residential Distribution and Occupational Stratification». American Journal of Sociology, 60 (5), 493-503. https://doi.org/10.1086/221609
EASLEY, J. (2018). «Spatial mismatch beyond black and white: Levels and determinants of job access among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations». Urban Studies, 55 (8), 1800-1820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017696254
ELLIS, M.; WRIGHT, R. y PARK, V. (2004). «Work Together, Live Apart?: Geographies of Racial and Ethnic Segregation at Home and at Work». Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94 (3), 620-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00417.x
ENGLAND, K. (1993). «Suburban Pink Collar Ghettos: The Spatial Entrapment of Women?». Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82 (2), 225-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01933.x
FARBER, V. y ALLARD, G. (2012). «Occupational Segregation in Spain: Differential Treatment of Immigrants». Thunderbird International Business Review, 54 (1), 29-43.
GASTÓN-GUIU, S.; TREVIÑO, R. y DOMINGO, A. (2021). «La brecha africana: Desigualdad laboral de la inmigración marroquí y subsahariana en España, 2000-2018». Migraciones, 52, 177-220. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i52.y2021.007
GRANDE, R.; PANIAGUA, T. y REY, A. del (2016). «Inmigración y mercado de trabajo en España: Del boom a la Gran Recesión». Panorama Social, 23, 125-130.
GRANOVETTER, M. S. (1973). «The Strength of Weak Ties». American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
GRAU-PINEDA, C. y DOMÍNGUEZ-MUJICA, J. (2015). «La persistencia de mujeres inmigradas en el servicio doméstico en España en tiempos de recesión». Revista de Derecho Migratorio y Extranjería, 40, 63-88.
HANSON, S. y PRATT, G. (1991). «Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women». Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81 (2), 229-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x
HESS, D. B. (2005). «Access to Employment for Adults in Poverty in the Buffalo-Niagara Region». Urban Studies, 42 (7), 1177-1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500121384
HOLZER, H. J. (1991). «The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What has the Evidence Shown?». Regional Studies, 28 (1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989120080071
HUMPHREY, D. D. (1940). «Alleged “Additional Workers” in the Measurement of Unemployment». Journal of Economic Studies, 48, 412-419. https://doi.org/10.1086/255563
KAIN, J. K. (1968). «Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization». The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82 (2), 175-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885893
KORSU, E. y WENGLENSKI, S. (2010). «Job Accessibility, Residential Segregation and Risk of Long-term Unemployment in the Paris Region». Urban Studies, 47 (11), 2279-2324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009357962
LICHTER, D. T.; PARISI, D. y DE VALK, H. (2016). Residential Segregation. The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality.
LIGHT, I. (1972). Ethnic Enterprise in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
LIGHT, I. (2006). «Economías étnicas». En: BELTRÁN, J.; OSO, L. y RIBAS, N. (eds.). Empresariado étnico en España. Madrid: Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración. Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 41-68.
LOGAN, J. R.; ALBA, R. D. y STULTS, B. J. (2003). «Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities». International Migration Review, 37 (2), 344-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00141.x
MADDEN, J. F. (1981). «Why Women Work Closer to Home?». Urban Studies, 18 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988120080341
MARCIŃCZAK, S.; TAMMARU, T.; STRÖMGREN, M. y LINDGREN, U. (2015). «Changing patterns of residential and workplace segregation in the Stockholm metropolitan area». Urban Geography, 36 (7), 969-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1012364
MASSEY, D. S. y DENTON, N. A. (1988). «The Dimensions of Residential Segregation». Social Forces, 67 (2), 281-315. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579183
MASSEY, D. S. y DENTON, N. A. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
MASSEY, D. S.; GROSS, A. B. y EGGERS, M. L. (1991). «Segregation, the Concentration of Poverty, and the Life Chances of Individuals». Social Science Research, 20 (4), 397-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(91)90020-4
MCLAFFERTY, S. y PRESTON, V. (1992). «Spatial Mismatch and Labor Market Segmentation for African American and Latina Women». Economic Geography, 68 (4), 406-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/144026
MUÑOZ-PÉREZ, F. e IZQUIERDO, A. (1989). «L’Espagne, pays d’immigration». Population, 44 (2), 257-289. https://doi.org/10.2307/1533583
ONG, P. M. y MILLER, D. (2005). «Spatial and Transportation Mismatch in Los Angeles». Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25 (1), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X04270244
OSO, L. (2018). «Mujeres migrantes en España: Bastiones de resistencia tras la crisis económica». Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración, 131-144. Barcelona: Fundació CIDOB. https://doi.org/10.24241/anuariocidobinmi.2018.130
OVADÍA, S. (2003). «The Dimensions of Racial Inequality: Occupational and Residential Segregation across Metropolitan Areas in the United States». City and Community, 2 (3), 313-333. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1535-6841.2003.00058.x
PAINTER, G.; YANG LIU, C. y ZHUANG, D. (2007). «Immigrants and the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Employment Outcomes among Immigrant Youth in Los Angeles». Urban Studies, 44 (13), 2627-2649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701558368
PARELLA, S. (2003). Mujer, inmigrante y trabajadora, la triple discriminación. Barcelona: Anthropos.
PÉREZ, G. (2019). «Políticas de movilidad y consideraciones de género en América Latina». Serie Comercio Internacional, v. 152 (LC/TS.2019/108). Santiago: CEPAL.
PIORE, M. J. (1969). «On-the-Job Training in Dual Labor Markets». En: WEBER, A.; CASSELL, F. H. y GINSBURG, W. L. (eds.). Public-private Manpower Policies. Madison: Industrial Relations Research Association, 101-132.
PORTES, A. y SENSENBRENNER, J. (1993). «Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action». American Journal of Sociology, 96 (6), 1320-1350. https://doi.org/10.1086/230191
RODDY, A. L.; MORASH, M. y NORTHCUTT BOHMERT, M. (2021). «Spatial Mismatch, Race and Ethnicity, and Unemployment: Implications for Interventions with Women on Probation and Parole». Crime & Delinquency, 68 (12), 2175-2199. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211046520
RODRÍGUEZ-MOYA, J. M. y GARCÍA-PALOMARES, J. C. (2012). «Diversidad de género en la movilidad cotidiana en la comunidad de Madrid». Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 58, 105-131. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2061
SABATER, A. y GALEANO, J. (2015). «The Nexus between Occupational and Residential Segregation». En: DOMINGO, A.; SABATER, A. y VERDUGO, R. R. (eds.). Demographic Analysis of Latin American Immigrants in Spain: From Boom to Bust? Nueva York: Springer, 105-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12361-5
SINGEL, L. D. y LILLYDAHL, J. H. (1986). «An Empirical Analysis of the Commute to Work Patterns of Male and Females in Two Earner Households». Urban Studies, 23 (2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988620080111
STANEK, M. y VEIRA-RAMOS, A. (2012). «Ethnic Niching in a Segmented Labour Market: Evidence from Spain». Migration Letters, 9 (3), 249-262.
STRÖMGREN, M.; TAMMARU, T.; DANZER, A. M.; VAN HAM, M.; MARCIŃCZAK, S.; STJERNSTRÖM, O. y LINDGREN, U. (2014). «Factors shaping workplace segregation between natives and immigrants». Demography, 51 (2), 645-671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0271-8
TIENDA, M. y RAIJMAN, R. (2000). «Immigrants’ Income Packaging and Invisible Labor Force Activity». Social Science Quarterly, 81 (1), 291-310.
TORRADO, J. M.; ROMANÍ, J. y SUSINO, J. (2018). «Género y commuting en las regiones urbanas andaluzas». Revista Internacional de Sociología, 76 (3), e106. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2018.76.3.17.60
VAN DER KLAAUW, B. y VAN OURS, J. C. (2003). «From welfare to work: Does the neighbourhood matter?». Journal of Public Economics, 87, 957-985. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00133-5
VONO, D. y BAYONA, J. (2010). «El asentamiento de los latinoamericanos en las principales ciudades españolas (2001-2009)». Notas de Población, 91, 129-159.
WALDINGER, R. (1996). Still the Promised City?: African Americans and new Immigrants in Postindustrial New York. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025572
WHITE, M. J. (1986). «Sex Differences in Urban Commuting Patterns». American Economic Review, 76 (2), 368-372.
WILSON, K. L. y PORTES, A. (1980). «Immigrants Enclaves: An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami». American Journal of Sociology, 86 (2), 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1086/227240
WRIGHT, R.; ELLIS, M. y PARKS, V. (2010). «Immigrant Niches and the Intrametropolitan Spatial Division of Labour». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (7), 1033-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.490064
YÁNEZ, M. y ACEVEDO, K. (2010). «El mercado laboral desde una perspectiva espacial». Apuntes del CENES, XXIX(50), 73-97.
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2024 Silvia Gastón-Guiu, Andreu Domingo, Jordi Bayona-i-Carrasco
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.