Imatge de Catalunya percebuda per turistes angloparlants i castellanoparlants

Estela Marine-Roig; Esteve Mariné Gallisà

doi:10.5565/rev/dag.429

Image of Catalonia perceived by English-speaking and Spanish-speaking tourists

Authors

Estela Marine-Roig Universitat de Lleida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3275-0135
Esteve Mariné Gallisà Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

PDF (CA)

Abstract

In the last decade, the volume of consumer and user-generated content (UGC) has increased notably alongside the expansion of social media. In the hospitality and tourism field, online travel reviews (OTRs) have grown exponentially. This article proposes a method to analyse the paratextual productions attached to OTRs and to extract from them the perceived image of the destination according to the tourists’ origin. This method is applied to a random sample of 330,000 OTRs hosted in TripAdvisor about Things to Do in Catalonia written in Spanish or English from 2011 to 2015. According to the analysis of these opinions concerning the perceived (and transmitted) image among English-speaking and, especially, North American tourists, the main conclusion is that Catalonia is Barcelona and Barcelona is Gaudí.

Keywords

destination image, user-generated content, big data, online travel reviews, territorial tourism brands

References

ACT (2016). Dossier de premsa 2016: Turisme. Barcelona, Catalonia: Agència Catalana de Turisme.

ARCARONS, R. (2009). «Organització espacial de l’Administració Turística». En F. LOPEZ PALOMEQUE (ed.). Atles del turisme a Catalunya. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya.

AYEH, J. K.; AU, N. i LAW, R. (2013). «‘Do we believe in TripAdvisor?’. Examining credibility perceptions and online travelers’ attitude toward using user-generated content». Journal of Travel Research, 52 (4), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512475217

BAKA, V. (2016). «The becoming of user-generated reviews: Looking at the past to understand the future of managing reputation in the travel sector». Tourism Management, 53, 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.004

BALOGLU, S. i MCCLEARY, K. W. (1999). «A model of destination image formation». Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (4), 868-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4

BASARAN, U. (2016). «Examining the relationships of cognitive, affective, and conative destination image: A research on Safranbolu, Turkey». International Business Research, 9 (5), 164-179. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n5p164

BEERLI, A. i MARTÍN, J. D. (2004). «Factors influencing destination image». Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 657-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010

CHON, K.-S. (1990). «The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion». The Tourist Review, 45 (2), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058040

COX, C.; BURGESS, S.; SELLITTO, C. i BUULTJENS, J. (2009). «The role of user-generated content in tourists’ travel planning behavior». Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18 (8), 743-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903235753

CROMPTON, J. L. (1979). «An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image». Journal of Travel Research, 17, 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404

DATZIRA-MASIP, J. i POLUZZI, A. (2014). «Brand architecture management: The case of four tourist destinations in Catalonia». Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 3 (1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.12.006

DE BORDA, J. C. (1781). «Mémoire sur les élections au scrutin». A: Mémoire de l’Académie Royal. París: Histoire de l’Académie des Sciences, 657-665.

ECHTNER, C. M. i RITCHIE, J. R. B. (1991). «The meaning and measurement of destination image». Journal of Tourism Studies, 2 (2), 2-12.

EUROBAROMETER (2016). Flash Eurobarometer 432: Preferences of Europeans towards tourism. Brussel·les (Bèlgica).

EUROSTAT (2016). «Tourism». A: M. KOTZEVA (ed.). Eurostat regional yearbook 2016. Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union, 177-192.

FAKEYE, P. C. i CROMPTON, J. L. (1991). «Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley». Journal of Travel Research, 30 (2), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759103000202

GALLARZA, M. G.; GIL SAURA, I. i CALDERÓN GARCÍA, H. (2002). «Destination image. Towards a conceptual framework». Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 56-78.

GARAY TAMAJÓN, L. A. (2015). «Luces y sombras del turismo de cruceros: el caso de Barcelona». Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 61 (3), 563-580. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.259

GARTNER, W. C. (1993). «Image formation process». Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2 (2-3), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12

GENETTE, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation. Nova York, USA: Cambridge University Press.

GINDL, S.; WEICHSELBRAUN, A. i SCHARL, A. (2010). «Cross-domain contextualization of sentiment lexicons». A: H. COELHO, R. STUDER i M. WOOLDRIDGE (ed.). 19th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Washington, USA: IOS Press, 771-776. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-606-5-771

GONZÁLEZ, R. (2010). Estudi exploratori de les marques turístiques de Catalunya a la Web 2.0. Barcelona: Vivential Value (no publicat).

GUNN, C. A. (1972). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Austin, TX: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas.

JABREEL, M.; MORENO, A. i HUERTAS, A. (2016). «Semantic comparison of the emotional values communicated by destinations and tourists on social media». Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 6 (3), 170-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.004

JUSTÍCIA, A. i BENVENUTY, L. (2011). «Catalunya duda de la idoneidad de tener diez marcas turísticas». La Vanguardia. Barcelona. http://www.lavanguardia.com/ocio/20110531/54162863546/catalunya-duda-de-la-idoneidad-de-tener-diez-marcas-turisticas.html

KAPLAN, A. M. i HAENLEIN, M. (2010). «Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media». Business Horizons, 53 (1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003

KOCK, F.; JOSIASSEN, A. i ASSAF, A. G. (2016). «Advancing destination image: The destination content model». Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.07.003

KUSUMASONDJAJA, S.; SHANKA, T. i MARCHEGIANI, C. (2012). «Credibility of online reviews and initial trust: The roles of reviewer’s identity and review valence». Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18 (3), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712449365

LI, J.; ALI, F. i KIM, W. G. (2015). «Reexamination of the role of destination image in tourism: An updated literature review». E-Review of Tourism Research, 12 (3-4), 191-209.

LIU, Y.; TEICHERT, T.; ROSSI, M.; LI, H. i HU, F. (2017). «Big data for big insights: Investigating language-specific drivers of hotel satisfaction with 412,784 user-generated reviews». Tourism Management, 59, 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.012

LLODRÀ-RIERA, I.; MARTÍNEZ-RUIZ, M. P.; JIMÉNEZ-ZARCO, A. I. i IZQUIERDO-YUSTA, A. (2015). «A multidimensional analysis of the information sources construct and its relevance for destination image formation». Tourism Management, 48, 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.11.012

LYNCH, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

MARINE-ROIG, E. (2013). From the projected to the transmitted image: the 2.0 construction of tourist destination image and identity in Catalonia. Tesi doctoral. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/135006

— (2014). «A webometric analysis of travel blogs and review hosting: The case of Catalonia». Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 31 (3), 381-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.877413

— (2015). «Identity and authenticity in destination image construction». Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26 (4), 574-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2015.1040814

— (2017). «Online travel reviews: A massive paratextual analysis». A: Z. XIANG i D. R. FESENMAIER (eds.). Analytics in Smart Tourism design: Concepts and methods. Heidelberg: Springer, 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44263-1_11

MARINE-ROIG, E. i ANTON CLAVÉ, S. (2015). «Tourism analytics with massive user-generated content: A case study of Barcelona». Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 4 (3), 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.06.004

— (2016). «Perceived image specialisation in multiscalar tourism destinations». Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5 (3), 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.007

O’REILLY, T. (2007). «What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software». International Journal of Digital Economics, 65, 17-37. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4580/

OdEiO. (2016). Balanç turístic anual 2015. Barcelona: Observatori d’Empresa i Ocupació.

ORTEGA, M. (2011). «Catalunya: deu marques turístiques o només Barcelona?». Ara.cat. Barcelona. http://www.ara.cat/cronica/Catalunya-deu-marques-nomes-Barcelona_0_458954128.html

POCOCK, D. i HUDSON, R. (1978). Images of the urban environment. Londres: MacMillan.

RICHARDS, G. i WILSON, J. (2004). «The use of cultural events in city promotion: Rotterdam cultural capital of Europe 2001». Urban Studies, 41 (10), 1931-1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/10295390208718729

SCHUCKERT, M.; LIU, X. i LAW, R. (2015). «Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions». Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 32 (5), 608-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.933154

SHAFIEE, S. i GHATARI, A. R. (2016). «Big data in tourism industry». A: 10th International Conference on e-Commerce with focus on e-Tourism. IEEE, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECDC.2016.7492979

STATISTA (2016). Leisure travel: planning methods US statistic. Hamburg: Statiste GmbH.

STEMLER, S. (2001). «An overview of content analysis». Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 7 (17). http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=17

STEPCHENKOVA, S. (2012). «Content analysis». A: L. DWYER, A. GILL i N. SEETARAM (eds.). Handbook of research methods in Tourism: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 443-458.

TASCI, A. D. A.; GARTNER, W. C. i TAMER CAVUSGIL, S. (2007). «Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image». Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 31 (2), 194-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006297290

TRIPADVISOR (2016a). «Basilica of the Sagrada Familia». https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187497-d190166-Reviews-Basilica_of_the_Sagrada_Familia-Barcelona_Catalonia.html

— (2016b). «Things to Do in Catalonia». https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g187496-Activities-Catalonia.html

UNESCO (2005). «Works of Antoni Gaudí». Extret el 5 de maig de 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320

W3SCHOOLS. (2016). HTML Tutorial. http://www.w3schools.com/html/

YE, Q.; LAW, R.; GU, B. i CHEN, W. (2011). «The influence of user-generated content on traveler behavior: An empirical investigation on the effects of e-word-of-mouth to hotel online bookings». Computers in Human Behavior, 27 (2), 634-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.014

YLIJOKI, O. i PORRAS, J. (2016). «Conceptualizing big data: Analysis of case studies». Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 23 (4), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.1393

YOO, K.-H.; SIGALA, M. i GRETZEL, U. (2016). «Exploring TripAdvisor». A: R. GGER, I. GULA i D. WALCHER (eds.). Open tourism: Open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation challenging the tourism industry. Berlín: Springer, 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54089-9_17

YUAN, Y.-L. i HO, C.-I. (2015). «Rethinking the destination marketing organization management in the big data era». A: ASE BigData and SocialInformatics 2015. Nova York, NY: ACM Digital Library, article 60.